How to Find Degrees of Freedom in Statistics

The most effective method to Find Degrees of Freedom in Statistics Numerous measurable derivation issues expect us to locate the quantity of degrees of opportunity. The quantity of degrees of opportunity chooses a solitary likelihood appropriation from among boundlessly many. This progression is a frequently neglected however pivotal detail in both the count of ​confidence spans and the operations of theory tests. There is definitely not a solitary general recipe for the quantity of degrees of opportunity. Notwithstanding, there are explicit recipes utilized for each kind of methodology in inferential insights. At the end of the day, the setting that we are working in will decide the quantity of degrees of opportunity. What follows is a fractional rundown of the absolute most regular surmising methods, alongside the quantity of degrees of opportunity that are utilized in every circumstance. Standard Normal Distribution Techniques including standard typical distributionâ are recorded for culmination and to clear up certain misinterpretations. These techniques don't expect us to locate the quantity of degrees of opportunity. The explanation behind this is there is a solitary standard typical circulation. These sorts of methods include those including a populace mean when the populace standard deviation is known, and furthermore systems concerning populace extents. One Sample T Procedures Here and there measurable practice expects us to utilize Student’s t-circulation. For these strategies, for example, those managing a populace mean with obscure populace standard deviation, the quantity of degrees of opportunity is one not exactly the example size. In this way on the off chance that the example size is n, at that point there are n - 1 degrees of opportunity. T Procedures With Paired Data Ordinarily it bodes well to regard information as matched. The matching is completed normally because of an association between the first and second an incentive in our pair. Commonly we would combine when estimations. Our example of matched information isn't autonomous; be that as it may, the contrast between each pair is free. Consequently if the example has a sum of n sets of information focuses, (for an aggregate of 2n values) at that point there are n - 1 degrees of opportunity. T Procedures for Two Independent Populations For these sorts of issues, we are as yet utilizing a t-circulation. This time there is an example from every one of our populaces. In spite of the fact that it is desirable over have these two examples be of a similar size, this isn't important for our factual strategies. In this way we can have two examples of size n1 and n2. There are two different ways to decide the quantity of degrees of opportunity. The more exact strategy is to utilize Welch’s equation, a computationally unwieldy recipe including the example sizes and test standard deviations. Another methodology, alluded to as the preservationist guess, can be utilized to rapidly evaluate the degrees of opportunity. This is essentially the littler of the two numbers n1 - 1 and n2 - 1. Chi-Squarefor Independence One utilization of the chi-square test is to check whether two clear cut factors, each with a few levels, display autonomy. The data about these factors is signed in a two-manner table with r lines and c segments. The quantity of degrees of opportunity is the item (r - 1)(c - 1). Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Chi-square decency of fitâ starts with a solitary absolute variable with an aggregate of n levels. We test the theory that this variable matches a foreordained model. The quantity of degrees of opportunity is one not exactly the quantity of levels. At the end of the day, there are n - 1 degrees of opportunity. One FactorANOVA One factor investigation of fluctuation (ANOVA) permits us to make examinations between a few gatherings, taking out the requirement for different pairwise theory tests. Since the test expects us to gauge both the variety between a few gatherings just as the variety inside each gathering, we end up with two degrees of opportunity. The F-measurement, which is utilized for one factor ANOVA, is a portion. The numerator and denominator each have degrees of opportunity. Leave c alone the quantity of gatherings and n is the complete number of information esteems. The quantity of degrees of opportunity for the numerator is one not exactly the quantity of gatherings, or c - 1. The quantity of degrees of opportunity for the denominator is the absolute number of information esteems, short the quantity of gatherings, or n - c. It is obvious to see that we should be mindful so as to know which derivation system we are working with. This information will illuminate us regarding the right number of degrees of opportunity to utilize.

An Evaluation Of The Impacts Of Tourism Tourism Essay

An Evaluation Of The Impacts Of Tourism Essay In this venture I might want to investigate the connection among the travel industry and the individuals living in well known traveler areas; explicitly the profound effect the travel industry has on nearby culture. This theme intrigues me as in spite of the fact that I have never visited the worldwide south myself, a considerable lot of my companions and colleagues travel there much of the time for get-aways. The travel industry makes certain to effectsly affect these goal type networks. I realize that a considerable lot of these goals are in more unfortunate territories of the world. Some critical impacts that travel industry has on these regions show themselves monetarily, socially and socially. In spite of the fact that travel industry may make employments and animate the neighborhood economy there are a few drawbacks to the travel industry and parts of the deluge of guests that might be hurtful to nearby societies. In my exploration paper I will investigate the advantages that t ravel industry has on nearby economies corresponding to the social and social effect on the network. I would like to assess exactly how advantageous conceivably momentary financial upgrade is even with potential mischief to the economy in the long haul, neighborhood individuals and nearby culture. I will talk about this subject universally however with an emphasis on Southeast Asia and explicitly India. My paper will underscore the significant inquiry: is traveling in an underdeveloped nation possibly deceptive? Or on the other hand does the boost to a creating countrys economy legitimize the social and social ramifications of the travel industry and the advancement that travel industry gets the zone. Taking a gander at the moral issues encompassing this will likewise be a significant factor in deciding if the social effects of the travel industry is adequate or reasonable by the financial advantages. As I would see it, in spite of the fact that travel industry supports monetary dev elopment in numerous networks there is profound and irreversible social effect. In Tourism in Destination Communities Shalini Singh takes a gander at a thought by Jafar Jafari the creator of Encyclopedia of Tourism. Jafari made the solidified foundation of the travel industry. One of Jafaris four stages is backing that is to state that travel industry is fit for financial great. Another stage, the preventative stage, underlines the significance of taking note of the unpredictable cooperations at the nearby level. The other two stages are Adaptancy (which is portrayed as expert network the travel industry) and Knowledge based which is an all encompassing treatment for network based the travel industry (Jafari refered to in Singh 2003). Singh and S.W. Boyd (26-30) talk about connections among the travel industry and goal networks as far as win-win, win-lose, lose-win or predicament (Carter and Lowman, 1944; Nepal, 2000). Instances of win-win circumstances do exist and this shows the travel industry can without a doubt be monetarily valuable to a goal network. The model given by Boyd and Singh is that of Ayers rock (Uluru) which is one of Australias most celebrated vacation spots. In spite of the fact that Australia isn't a nation regularly viewed as a component of the worldwide south I accept this model is important as the native networks in the territory could undoubtedly be minimized and abused by the travel industry. The people group anyway plays a functioning job by characterizing their relationship with the travel industry as having control and decision. (Mercer refered to in S.W. Boyd and S. Singh: 1994:37). The people group takes an interest by offering instructive types of assistance, which permits them to pass on that the strict and social hugeness of Uluru is something to be regarded. (Wells, refered to in S.W. Boyd and S. Singh 1996:37). The neighborhood organizations in the region advantage and are claimed by the individuals of the native network. This model is consistent to Jafaris foundation of Advocacy and Adaptancy and it sho ws the travel industry in this situation as star network and equipped for financial great. As this circumstance is financially helpful to this territory, without trading off or de-esteeming the neighborhood culture, it is an amazing methods for improvement. Another model where the nearby network benefits is the success lose circumstance, a remarkable model being Cuba. The people group benefits monetarily, albeit mass the travel industry doesn't. This is accomplished through strategies and promoting that accentuates quality the travel industry by confining the number and sort of vacationers (high spenders, low numbers). The travel industry is showcased for restrictiveness and abundance and this is done through particular promoting and providing food the administrations towards wealthier individuals. Cubas the travel industry industrys advertises deliberately to target Canadian seasonal travelers who likewise take long haul relaxes in Florida (Peters 2002:4). Their traveling for signi ficant stretches of time in a US area and their capacity to spend US cash shows their wealth. Another procedure is the advancement of fairways in the zone. Miguel Figueras, a travel industry service market analyst and counselor in Cuba, says that golf is a component that can draw in higher spending sightseers (Peters 2002:5). Key the travel industry arranging permits a nation to take advantage of the abundance of the worldwide norths wealthiest visitors permitting most extreme financial advantage without mass sharing of what they bring to the table. Anyway there are numerous circumstances wherein neighborhood economies lose. This is particularly regular in waterfront resort based the travel industry along the Mediterranean coast. These advancements just offer transient monetary addition and result in long haul misfortune as far as the network just as the earth. Despite the fact that travel industry creates numerous occupations, including direct work (employments in inns and eateries), backhanded business (occupations not a consequence of direct vacationer spending, for example, laundries and banking), and initiated business (occupations made in the network because of expanded pay of individuals in the network) most of employments are occasional and low maintenance (D. Ioannides 2003). Furthermore regularly a great part of the cash spent by sightseers leaves the nation. Most of the cash spent by sightseers on their get-aways goes towards their movement costs and their facilities. This implies the cash leaves the nation and goes t o carriers and transnational partnerships who run lodging networks. This can bring about a decent bit of nearby individuals offering their environmental factors to travelers without ever really observing or encountering any monetary advantages themselves (Krotz 1996:215). In spite of the fact that visitor spending may include a deluge of remote money to an economy, just as make a greater market as far as requests for merchandise, which in principle can bring down costs, it is imperative to consider that while the travel industry receipts rise, agribusiness yield decays (James Mack, Tourism and the Economy). This is a consequence of less individuals working in the rural division. All things considered the net benefit of the travel industry is in reality short of what it at first appears, when the shortfall from agribusiness is considered. Albeit some monetary advantages coming about because of the travel industry are clear, there are unequivocal weights set upon the goal network. An exceptionally noticeable test is the inhabitants perspective on guests and their relationship with them, as illustrated by M. Fagence (Tourism and Local Society and Culture). Inhabitants have a negative disposition towards visitors in the event that they don't see quick and away from advantages of their quality, particularly as occupations and pay. As opposed to James Macks hypothesis that the sightseers make a bigger market for merchandise, along these lines bringing down the costs, inhabitants reprimand travelers at an ascent in the cost of products. In a subjective report by Neha Kala (2008) discoveries show that visitors are additionally observed as the reason for expanded crime and decreased good guidelines by the host network. This is the place we need to think about the travel industry past the effects on the economy. In people grou p with rich customary foundations a few occupants consider the to be of visiting vacationers as bargaining to conventional qualities, as the wealthy ways of life of guests can be engaging and tempting to the more youthful ages in the region. The inundation of guests brings the chance of now and again unwanted social or social change. In Rajasthan conventional seniors frequently reprimand youngsters for addressing sightseers. (Joseph 2007:204). Local people consider the travel industry to be an exporter of Western way of life. (Kala: 2008) Across India, Western dress is mainstream among youthful guys who wear pants, shirts and baseball tops. (Joseph 2007:211). This is the consequence of numerous young attempting to imitate Western visitors (Kala: 2008). A few features of Western way of life anyway supplant customary culture, yet in addition are straightforwardly conflicting to them. A minister in Pushkar was cited in India Today saying The young here discover the transparency in remo te young ladies excessively enticing. (Joseph 2007:211) This issue is enhanced if the host network doesn't perceive that the conduct of most voyagers are atypical to how they ordinarily carry on and that the practices showed by visitors are held for times of diversion, and are not the travelers normal conduct or even their typical good principles. Most worried of M. Fagences discoveries are that occupants reprimand travelers for decreasing the essentialness of nearby culture by trivializing and making an item of it. In an article by Rosaleen Duffy this thought of culture as an item is developed. Duffy traces how vacationers are regularly searching for a real social encounter; anyway what is viewed as legitimate is almost constantly characterized by the visitor, bringing about the traveler not so much searching for social seeing however to fill some other self-serving need. Vacationers conceptualize their movement stories such that helps them in portraying their self-character. Voyagers venture out as a way to get away, to widen the brain, or for self revelation. A representation of Duffys see that our general public uses travel for self-characterizing and self-describing purposes, just as a way to get culture and for self revelation is the mainstream film Eat Pray Love, featuring Julia Roberts. In the film, Liz sets outs after her separation to encounter the way of life in Italy, India

Book Riots Deals of the Day for March 18th, 2019

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Essay on Communication Skills - 1340 Words

On the basis of your observation discuss, with reference to communication theories, the degree to which the people involved demonstrated effective communication skills. Compare and contrast also the usefulness of the selected theories for analyzing the event. ‘’I couldn’t help it’ Daryl I am upset. Somebody told my boss I have a part-time job. Smith And he doesnt like that ? Daryl No, he doesnt. He thinks that I am too tired to work. Smith I am sorry. I have to admit I told him. Daryl You told him ? Why ? Smith I couldnt help it. He asked me point-blank. (http://www.englishdaily626.com/conversation.php) Every single one has its ability to communicate with one another, communication skills†¦show more content†¦(communication. Office of superintendent of Public instruction. Retrieved on March 14.) Communication is the articulation of sending a message, through different media whether it be verbal or nonverbal, as long as a being transmits a though provoking idea, gesture, action, etc. (media. Online Etymology dictionary. Retrieved on March 14, 2008) Communication is central to all of these worlds (that we build together), not in the sense of control, which positivist ontology naturally favors, but in the sense of dialoguing an ongoing process that respects the autonomy of different reality constructions, enables each participant to interrogate his or her history and grow beyond it. Dialogue probably is the most noble form of human interaction, and communication scholars should be the first to appreciate its outstanding human qualities. (Krippendorff, 1989, p. 94) Communication scholars have intensified their interest in theories of dialogue during the past 20 years, finding and creating applications in interpersonal, organizational, intercultural, rhetorical, media, community, and performance settings (see, e.g., the earlier collections of essays we edited on the theory and practice of dialogue—Anderson, Baxter, Cissna, 2004; Anderson, Cissna, Arnett, 1994; Cissna, 2000). From the first conversation, we can assume that Daryl expressed his feeling through the conversation, he used decent words to express hisShow MoreRelatedEffective Communication And Communication Skills Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesa team to collaborate, delegate and consult. In order for this team effort to be effective, good communication skills must exist between medical professionals. Many times, messages can be altered and interpreted differently; if the conditions for transmission barriers develop. External barriers and internal barriers, such as confusion and mental status can hinder effective communication. Communication can be both verbal and nonverbal, and it is important to understand that different cultures mayRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And Communication Skills976 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal Communication is inevitable; we cannot go through our lives without interacting with another person. Our daily interactions with others can form new friendships, strengthen our relationship with our partner, or even attain new ideas that we otherwise would not have known of if we never interacted that person. 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These aspects have been divided into six different categories including appropriate, effective, adaptable, conversational involvement, conversational management, and empathy. The table below indicates my personal scores in each of those six areas, and following the chart is an in-depth analysis of appropriate, effective, conversationalRead MoreCommunication Skills For Managers : Acceptable Communications Skills791 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Skills for Managers Acceptable communications skills help reduce the barriers associated with language and cultural differences. Managers avoid cultural confusion and miscommunication by taking diversity training early in their careers. Effective communication increases productivity and helps the department run steady. Managers are responsible for their staff s cohesiveness. Employees have a sense of trust for their manager when they have an open dialogue. This dialogue includesRead MoreCommunication Skills2217 Words   |  9 PagesModule: Interpersonal Skills Student: Indiyana Saad Tutor: Pauline Pearsons Assessment name: interpersonal communication skills Term: 1 Year: 2008 Assessment: 1 Assessment Type: Essay Word Count: 1929 Date due 21/04/2008 Details of Assessment Discuss the following statement in the light of the theory covered in this module: Communication is not an easy process. It involves verbal and non-verbal attempts to assist the other person to understand what we are trying to communicate. Yet it often failsRead MoreThe Art Of Communication Skills804 Words   |  4 PagesThe Art Of Communication   Good communication skills are a vital component in the corporate world. Brian Williams | Writer Individuals in the present society have discovered advanced and technological ways of communication. Technology has made it tremendously easier for people to communicate. The world has grown into the center for technology with new technology being created on a daily basis.   Communication   Communication is a is a two-way processRead MoreTeam Communication Skills1014 Words   |  4 PagesTeam Communication Skills In addition to good individual communication skills, the team itself needs to form communication skills. Cohen (2008) looks in detail of the communication skills the team should establish for good overall communication. In addition, the article also goes to explain how commutation plays a role in conflict resolution, and what group rules the team should create when conflict occurs. As a team, creating a protocol for conflict management is important. This includes how theRead MoreImproving Communication Skills1095 Words   |  5 PagesImproving Communication Skills Action Plan Aim: The aim of this experiment is to develop a better degree of communication skills. This purpose will be met by using different communication skill management strategies. Communication is targeted at conveying your message to others clearly and without any ambiguity. According to Wikipedia Communication a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. TheRead MoreCommunication Skills For Patients With Cancer4432 Words   |  18 PagesCommunication skills, a core element in the care of patients with cancer, is essential for properly managing the expectations of patients and carers, especially in difficult consultations like breaking bad news and in end of life care situations. According to Maguire(2002), â€Å"Good communication skills in medical practice can be learned and can always be enhanced†. Results of the randomised studies by Fallowfield (2002,2003) have shown that key communication ski lls can be improved by training

Building Relationships With Professors And Faculty Members

A world class engineer, the one that I am striving to become utilizes all their resources to further their education and establish more connections. They seek to build relationships with professors as well as other students so that they can gain the most out of everything available. I currently am using most of my resources available at Liberty University, like the tutoring services and going to my professors for help. These things so far have helped me to maintain grades that I am proud to have earned. They have also helped me to establish connections with the people that I interact with, connections that allow me to gain the most from them. In academics, I see that I am not where I should be for interacting with professors and faculty members. A master student utilizes their teachers regularly even when they do not necessarily need help but more to establish a relationship that could assist them to get internships. I am a work in progress with going to my professors it is mainly when I have an issue that I seek their help. I need to take steps to reach out and show my enthusiasm for the subjects taught. In doing so, I will foster better connections with my professors. They are overflowing with knowledge, experience, ideas that could help me to be the world class engineer that is a leader after Christ to his community. A world class engineer when in the classroom can understand the different teaching styles and adapt to them to best gain the most from them. I didn’t haveShow MoreRelatedThe Professional Relationship Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessional ethics get stirred up when dual relationships or professional and client boundaries are violated. The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics committee revealed 40 to 50% of complaints filed originate from concerns with dual relationships (Meyer, 2005). 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This position would allow me to share my 20 years of higher education experience successfully leading and working collaboratively with the community, institutional leadership, faculty and staff. The position of President would also allow me to contribute in a significant way to advance the institution’s mission. The Cumberland Univers ity community is in the process of identifying a new President that can build on its historicalRead MoreKey Building Blocks1467 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Æ'Key Building Blocks of Successful Doctoral Students The successful completion of doctoral study in the United States, depending on the discipline, eludes 30-50% of students who apply to programs (Berleson 1960; Gardner, 2009; Pyhalto, Toom, Stubb, Lonka, 2012). 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Establish an E-commerce Business Free Essays

According to International Data Corporation more than ten million people are purchasing goods and services online in the United States alone. E-commerce allows people to exchange goods and services immediately with no barriers of time or distance. E-commerce at its simplest form, is a goal to improve the way business is conducted through technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Establish an E-commerce Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now I found many E-commerce business sites growing at an exceptional rate. This technology includes marketing and online sales. A business using e-commerce must provide a positive experience for their customers. Because of the increase in the demand by customers, the business must be able to provide properly functional sites. Customers online want the freedom to buy items online from the convenience of their own home. 1. I feel we should establish an E-commerce business of your own book within the next four months, but we must understand brand equity. 2. We should have control over your website, so we must understand the criteria of finding a firm that will obtain this goal. 3. Finally, it is essential that we understand the importance of Electronic Data Interchange aspects of setting up your website. Brand equity is providing access to your site that is error free. Your site should be easy to use and easy to access. By having these things you build customer loyalty. This loyalty becomes an â€Å"extra† that will differentiate your business and products in the eyes of the customer. The most important part of the site is it should be available and ready to take orders. If your system crashes when taking orders, not only are your customers going to have a bad experience but they will not be able to place their order. Most people will take their business elsewhere and there is plenty of competition within E-commerce. In order to run a successful e-commerce site you must be able to control the surges of traffic on your site. These are times where heavy traffic flow could possibly slow your site to a crawl. Websites have a considerable amount to look at when high volumes of traffic occur. The level of control a company has over their site is called Internet Quality Control. There are four main elements such as server control, network control, control of applications and content, and network management. You need these four elements in order to have high control over your web site. An important aspect of e-commerce is the development of EDI. EDI stands for Electronic Data Interchange. EDI was developed to increase supplier relationships and reduce costs. The goal of EDI is to eliminate the use of mail courier and fax. With a new paperless exchange companies would be connected electronically. All transactions are conducted through standardized processes to a trading partner. EDI has allowed firms to increase productivity, improved channel relationships, reduce operating costs, and increase ability to compete internationally. The first benefit of EDI is the increase in productivity. Gains in productivity can be seen in both internal and external operations. Externally, companies can find increases in productivity trough in fewer operations. For example most companies traditionally would create invoices with computer systems. The invoice then would be printed out and sent to the customers. The customer would then enter the invoice information into their computer system and then process the order. This process can take days, but with EDI it can happen with minutes. Internally, companies gain productivity through faster transmission of information as well as reduced data entry redundancy. A study by EDI Group, Ltd., reported the companies using EDI experienced reduced cycle times of 40.3% and a drop of error rates of 10.1% to 4.4%. This study shows how EDI can cause firms productivity to increase. E-commerce is revolutionizing how business operates. Be it through improved customer relations and service or increased efficiency leading to immense savings. It is being recognized as not just improving clerical tasks, but as an integral part of doing business today. Within these necessary steps as in brand equity, control over your website, and Electronic Data Interchange will help you land your customers with satisfaction. How to cite Establish an E-commerce Business, Essay examples

Initiation or Incarceration Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities Essay Example

Initiation or Incarceration: Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities Essay Initiation or Incarceration: Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities Frat boys and sorority girls, what do they do for society? They party all weekend, every weekend. None of them care about academics. They are elitist and snobby. They violate noise ordinances. They do not serve the community. They couldn’t possibly hold any value as individuals in our society, right? Wrong. Many people think of those who belong to the Greek system as the rich, preppy Caucasian students who get drunk and party on a day-to-day basis; these among other stereotypes have, in essence, erased even the thought of belonging to a sorority or fraternity from the minds of countless students. While in actuality, Greeks are the students who do the best in classes, the people who are always seen doing charity work, they have strict rules to follow on and off campus, and while they might be slightly selective with the people the associate with it’s only because they wouldn’t want to be involved in something dangerous or looked down upon. We will write a custom essay sample on Initiation or Incarceration: Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Initiation or Incarceration: Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Initiation or Incarceration: Hazing in Fraternities and Sororities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because, while people may only see the bad in Greeks, they want to be the best person they could possibly be, which is in essence why they joined a sorority or fraternity. But of course, as with every stereotype, there is some truth to the ones against Greek life. Like social events and of course, the taboo of any college campus’ Greek Row, hazing. But, what is hazing? What does it entail? Who does it? What are the consequences? Are there laws? Let’s find out. Hazing, by definition, is   a term used to describe various  ritual  and other activities involving  harassment,  abuse  or  humiliation  used as a way of  initiating  a person into a  group. In fraternities and sororities, individuals go through a phase where they are only pledges for the organization and not fully fledged members. For fraternities, this is a time where the pledges must prove themselves to the brothers, and let them know why they would be a good addition to the brotherhood. It is during this period that the brothers tend to make life a little harder for the potential new members. However, hazing has never been as prominent in our society as it is today. Today, active members might keep them up late at a pledge meeting, they might tell the pledges to get them a beer or bartend an event, be the designated driver at events, and of course there is the occasional drinking game. On special occasions though, some fraternities practice traditions that have been observed over decades, centuries even. These are the hazing techniques that have been portrayed on television and in movies for years and years. And while to the outside world, and even fellow Greeks (sorority girls mostly), the events may seem harsh or stupid. To these gentlemen, they are tradition and it’s even considered a privilege to be participating in such an event. Some of them are just plain hateful, like following the pledges on a golf cart shouting insults while they run. Some of them are just really odd, like the tradition of one of our campus’ fraternities, where the pledges stand in a circle and drink alcohol (most commonly beer) out of their neighbor’s shoe. But some traditions are painful, dangerous, and most often humiliating. Much like the ritual of another FSU’s fraternities where pledges are forced to tell a joke in front of a crowd of brothers and pledges and, depending on how amusing their joke is, they get paddled. If their joke kills, they could possibly be passed on or just a light tap, but if they don’t make anyone laugh, they get messed up. Paddles have been broken. But that isn’t hazing at its worst. In recent years fraternities have been getting in more and more trouble, sometimes ending in the frat moving off campus (this is what Heritage Grove is in Tallahassee) and sometimes ending in the shutting down of the fraternity. This happened to the brothers of Sigma Phi Epsilon (Sig Ep) when thirty one pledges were found in a crawl space in an off campus house. The young men were shivering in thirty degree weather, covered in raw eggs, catfish-stink bait, flour and vinegar, and they were covered in red welts. When things this intense happen, people get hurt and people get in trouble. Thankfully no one got hurt in the incident at FSU, but four brothers did get arrested and charged with misdemeanor hazing charges. But it doesn’t always happen where no one gets hurt. In a case involving the Chi Tau fraternity at Chico State University in California, Matthew Carrington died after being hazed too hard by the fraternity brothers. One man, Gabriel Maestretti, was charged with Matthew’s death and convicted of felony charges. At the present, forty four out of fifty states have laws against hazing, and even still there is at least one hazing related death on a college campus every year since 1970. Fraternities all over the country have been shut down for behavior involving the hazing of pledges. In the state of Florida, just recently, FSU’s Sig Ep chapter and the University of South Florida’s Lambda Chi Alpha chapter have been shut down completely and not just suspended or removed from campus, both for hazing. And while the public normally only sees hazing portrayed in the media as mostly only in fraternities, there is definitely hazing going on in sororities too. Just last month (January 2010) six members of the Sigma Gamma Rho chapter at Rutgers University faced hazing charges after severely beating a pledge with a wooden paddle. While hazing is no stranger to Greek life, it seldom appears in the Panhellenic community in as harsh a way as this. For instance, Sigma Gamma Rho is a National Pan-Hellenic Conference. Hazing in sororities is pretty much not even considered hazing to anyone else, the gentlemen in fraternities always state â€Å"We get hazed, you get praised† referring to the amount of gifts and such showered on the pledges of sororities. For example, the week leading up to initiation, for Panhellenic pledges, is called Inspiration week. For pledges of a fraternity it is called Hell week. Get the picture? However, while what is considered as â€Å"hazing† in the eyes of the Panhellenic council is basically nothing at all, everything that could be considered hazing is ground for severe punishment from the sorority’s national headquarters. Things that used to be required of women pledging a sorority, like answering the phone and the door and giving up your seat for an older sister, is considered hazing. If nationals gets wind of any sorority treating their pledges like this they could get in trouble. Sororities, like fraternities, can have hazing practices that are humiliating, dangerous and really weird. For example, a sorority might have their pledges strip down to their underwear and have either an older sister or a fraternity boy point out imperfections on their body. Love handles, cellulite, acne, etc. and they are then forced to get rid of it. Then there are things like being forced to lie in a coffin on initiation and then â€Å"rising again† as a fully fledged member of the sorority. But the Panhellenic executive council on campus seldom finds out about those, instead they find out about the little things that the chapter does wrong. Like making the pledges answer the door or maybe slightly worse things like making the girls act like the mascot on initiation night. Nothing anywhere near something that deserves a serious consequence, gets a serious consequence. One chapter on FSU’s campus got reported to nationals for hazing because of a tradition preformed during the initiation ceremony. The smallest things, in the Panhellenic world, get blown so far out of proportion. The aforementioned chapter that received punishment for the ritual being considered hazing, was on social probation for half of a semester and was forced to do more community service than they already did with the whole chapter.