History Of Education In America Essays - Educational Psychology

History of Education in America As far back as the beginning of our nation, early leaders emphasized the importance of education and provided funds to create education for children from every background in our country. Thomas Jefferson said, ? Above all things, I hope the education of the common people will be extended to; convinced that on this good sense we may rely with the most security for the preservation of a due degree of liberty.? He knew the importance of education (Jennings, 1996). In early America, there was concern for the common good and well being for all citizens in the known United States. John Dewey, the well known educator and philosopher, once said, ?What the best and wisest parent wants for his own child, that must the community want for the children. Any other ideal for our schools is narrow and unlovely; acted upon, it destroys our democracy.? John Dewey (1859-1952) was an American philosopher and educator whose writings and teachings have had profound influences on education in the United States. Dewey's philosophy of education, instrumentalism (also called pragmatism), focused on learning-by-doing rather than rote learning and dogmatic instruction, the current practice of his day (Pergamon, 1994). What is public education in America? How does it fit in our history? The answers to these questions are many faceted. In 1624, Jamestown Colony founded a flax house (a place for making linen) and guaranteed the support of two poor children from each county to attend it long enough to master the skills of making linen. Earlier, the colony had tried unsuccessfully to establish a grammar school. Later, a law required parents and guardians to ensure that all children had instruction in morality and a vocation (Smith, 1994). In 1642, the Colony of Massachusetts passed a statute requiring that children be taught to read, a skill necessary for understanding the Bible. In 1647, a statute was passed requiring that every community establish a primary school and that larger communities maintain a secondary school (Smith, 1995). This 1647 law in Massachusetts became known as the ?Old Deluder-Satan Law?, because the settlers were convinced that, with education, people would not be ?deluded? by Satan (Smith, 1994). Early educational experiences were planned in the hope that school would prepare young people to become responsible citizens, improve social conditions, promote cultural diversity, help people become economically self-sufficient, enrich and enhance individual lives with happiness, make education equitable among everyone, and ensure a basic quality of education among schools. These goals were very similar to the goals of today's public education (Jennings, 1996). As far back as the American Revolution, there was an emerging hope for common schools, though they would not become widely established for another seventy-five years. Public education seemed to be a hodgepodge made up of individual institutions and special arrangements. Schools could be home schools, church schools, boarding schools, or private tutoring. According to Jennings (1996), school was an unsystematic approach to schooling resulting in inequities. Those who did not belong to a church were excluded from schools. Native Americans and African Americans were not educated, in fact, it was against the law to teach a slave to read(Cremin, 1990). Horace Mann said , ?Beyond the power of diffusing old wealth, (education) has the prerogative of creating new. It is a thousand times more lucrative than fraud; and adds a thousand fold more to a nation's resources than the most successful conquest.? The strength and convictions of our early leaders kept this ideal in our forefront, that American people had a responsibility to educate all children in order to achieve certain basic democratic goals (Jennings, 1996). The extensive expansion of public education through the establishment of a State Board of Education, began in Massachusetts in 1837, largely through the efforts of Horace Mann . During the 17th and 18th centuries, schools with a single teacher for students of all ages were common. It is only recent practice for schools to group students by age and give grade level specific instruction. Graded schools began to develop during the last half of the 19th Century, it did not become standard practice until well into this century. As late as 1928, sixty-three percent of this country's 244,128 elementary schools were still one-room, one-teacher, multi-aged schools (Smith, 1994). It has been recorded that in the early 20th century, American education greatly benefited from the reforms of the 19th century. Kindergartens were first set up in the second half of the 19th century and school curricula was

Art history montreal city Palais des Congres de Montreal

Art history montreal city Palais des Congres de Montreal Introduction It is one of the new architectural symbols in Montreal that have gained a worldwide-prolonged applause. Major travel guides the likes of Lonely Planet, Ullysse and Hachette have chosen the building’s multicolored glass as well as the pink-lipstick forest as covers for their recent issues.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Art history Montreal city: Palais des Congres de Montreal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other tourism articles have recommended visiting the building for a personal experience of the major architectural wonders existing in the Montreal city. I can attest to the fact that the visit is actually worthwhile. The Palais des congres de Montreal is an exhibition centre holding exhibition each year1, situated in Quartier international de Montreal towards the Northern end of Old Montreal in the district of Ville-Marie in Montreal. It seems the building was named after its princi ple owner whose name is Palais de congres de Montreal2. It uses the design of the small number of stone buildings by using limestone that is laid in bands like them. The translucent glass allows the internal to absorb light inconspicuously. Its address is 159; rue Saint-Antoine Quest, 9th floor, Montreal (Quebec), QC H2Z 1H2. Its neighboring buildings are the Place Jean-Paul Riopelle, Victoria square and Place de la Cite international buildings. The original work was done by a ‘neo-brutalist’ in the name of Victor Prus who built the Palais in 19803 and was inaugurated in May 19834. It underwent an expansion between 1999 and 2002 through which its capacity in doubled to 93,000 square meters. The new architecture repaired the urban outlook to provide a ground level public for commercial purposes as well as a pedestrian and transportation link. However, the expansion used a similar design as its original 1980’s except that it has less concrete and more glasses. The new design, to a great extent, integrated well with its surroundings. From its current location, Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International airport is just 20 kilometers away.Advertising Looking for research paper on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The building occupies an area of 200,000 square ft and it has 65 conference rooms as well as 18 loading docks, (fig. 1). The vertical panels are 1.5 meter by 3.6 meter. The expansion of the building was designed by a combination of architects i.e. Tetreault, Dubuc, Saiat and Hal Ingberg architects, whose design won the local design competition conducted for the same purpose. Hal Ingberg has earned himself an enviable reputation as among Canadian’s best architects for designing buildings. His unique knowledge on the potential abilities of glass to bring out unimaginable examination of space, the tinge brought by multiple colors, transparency and refl ection has been greatly lauded. The modification resulted into Canada’s most remarkable work of art with very promising architectural statements. The total area of expansion is 110,000 square meters while the total area restoration is 100,000 square meters. The leading design architect was Mario Saia and the main project architect was Michael Languedoc. The work was performed by a project group of about 20 project members. The structural engineer was Dessau-Soprin while the mechanical engineer was Pageu Morel et associes, Genivar. The landscape architect was Claude Cormier Architects Paysagistes and the contracting group was Gespro, BFC, Divco. Experience The Palais unique design is characterized by a rainbow of colored glass panels in the exterior and transparent glass panels in the interior that fills it with an atmosphere that is both luminous and energizing. Its multifunctional design enables it to host large-scale conventions and stage exhibitions simultaneously and that makes it the most popular amongst event holders. As opposed to other like buildings in North America, the Palais welcomes you with a warm and friendly atmosphere, which represents the city,’s Latin flavor as well as the nature of the inhabitants of the city themselves. It makes you feel that you are at the right place, where you should be. When the sunrays strike the multicolored outer lay, it reflects a kaleidoscope of colors (fig. 2) which results into a memorable moment of an intense feeling. The space coloration is changed in a continuous pattern as the sun’s angle changes all day through creating a harmonious rhythm of mixture of colors and feelings. Looking through the chartreuse, pink and blue lenses, it instantly creates a lasting impression in your mind.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Art history Montreal city: Palais des Congres de Montreal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When vie wed from the outside, the wall looks carnivalesque resulting from the reflection of the brightly colored curtains but from the inside, the sunrays coming though the multicolored wall takes your breath away. The dramatic size and position of the wall causes the interior spaces; walls, staircases, floors as well as escalators to continuously swaddle in vibrant hues of red, green, yellow and blue. The Palais design connection of the exterior and interior spaces with glass brings out a unique twist in it, not commonly found in modern architecture. The skins colorful membrane diminishes any sense of opacity by its failure to create a condition of continuity between each sphere and as a result produces parallel spatial worlds. As you enter, what meets your eye is an L shaped design, which has been formed by the meeting of the pedestrian shopping centre and the Hall Bleury. This further has three divisions of conceptual rings, which forms the main structure and the central organization of the interiors. The outer layer of the ring are used for commercial activity, while the resulting inward curves are used as loading docks, bus stations, trump ramps and other services. Between the rings, there are two pedestrian passageways, which connects the Old city to the now modern Montreal, link that had previously been separated by the expressway. Inside is a beehive of activities with since it is occupied by many individuals some as staff and others as hotel visitors. Yet in all that, it does not show any signs of chaos and disorganization. The side along the Rue de Bluery grabs your attention from the fineness of the glass walls. In this side, it is just a storey shorter in height than the other like buildings in the neighboring. The doorways are covered with cantilevered translucent canopies of glass, (fig. 3). The insides of the glass walls are illuminated making them glow at night, (fig. 4). The Hall Bleury contains various conference rooms and exhibition halls and hosts major public forums.Advertising Looking for research paper on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The rue Viger escalator slowly hovers along the edge of the sidewalk, a passageway for the pedestrian. Above the passageway, there is a curtain wall that is horizontally marked by mullions emerging seamlessly from the existing building’s nose. Where the old and the new buildings meet, is a powerful urban maker which affords a beautiful view from rue Saint-Catherine. The elevation in rue Saint-Antoine is a transparent base of busy commercial space which supports an opaque middle of rafter slabs which are multi-tone grey. By using this kind of stone, it helps identify the new Montreal with the ancient one since this is where it was found in large quantity5. While the elongated dimensions, textures and the deeper detailing gives it its look of contemporary construction. the corner at Saint-Antoine contains a translucent glass box illumination and encompasses the full round space of the conference rooms. This corner hangs over the angled wall that is the commercial space below. O n the interior, the yellow color is absorbed by the by the excessively shiny dark flooring. One gets a clear outlook of space along Viger Street at the upper level. A shiny finishing is evident supported by a framework made of steel. Escalators move up and down along this path, (fig. 5). The inside west faà §ade portrays a clear yellow shiny area which gives it a serene feeling. The winter garden in the building, occupying a service area of 700 square meters (0.2 acres), is nothing short of genius art by the Canadian Society of Landscape architects. It has a forest of concrete trees which are painted lipstick pink which was done to complement the city’s booming cosmetic industry and portray the city’s inexhaustible creativity and innovation. It adopts the pattern of the hundred-year old maples lining the city’s avenues6, (fig. 6) and it is perfectly designed in such a manner that it will remain unaffected by future environmental changes. The well-carved trunks of tree hang between the concrete slabs of the ground floor and the ceiling. This is a symbol of real nature in the modern world. The combination of the typically 1970’s architectural original work and the recent 2000-2002 expansion work of the building, the Palais is an acknowledgment of architectural cohesion, with a combination of the colorful luminescent glass and the permanence of stone. It integrates with brilliant success three centuries of historical design bringing in traces of the old city7. Conclusion The Palais offers an exceptional venue for conventions. It is an authentic center where the city’s major attractions meet. It brings together the city’s business centre, arts and entertainment district, international district, Old Montreal as well as Chinatown. It provides a naturally lit environment that magically integrates form and functionality especially for event organizers. This is coupled with the fact that its showrooms are of huge size to accom modate large number of people. With this, it is able to generate major economic spin-offs for the growth of Quebec and has fruitfully contributed to sharing of knowledge through the conferences not to mention enhancing the city’s international image as a first class destination. Since it stated operating in 2003, the new building has been witnessing large number of visitors while enjoying enthusiastic comments from the architectural international community as well as the general public8. The reason the design has been so successful is because it focused on one objective and it worked towards achieving it, which it did. It sends a message to all Montreal’s and international community alike that the city is dedicated to provide a center for exchange of knowledge and skills and ideas for developing international agreements and partnerships. By September 2005, the project for the expansion of the building had received 22 awards from thirteen different spheres such as the 2 005 PMI Project of the Year in Philadelphia. The success of the project played an important part in the making of the decision by the World Anti-Doping Agency as well as International Design Alliance to move their offices to Montreal. The IATA and ICAO among other major international organizations also have their offices in this great city. Various major events are held in the convention centre such as the Montreal International Show that attracts around 200,000 people annually. It also hosted the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2005 and in 2009, it hosted the 67th World Science Fiction Convention9. The building was awarded BOMA Best environmental certificate10 for being the best in preserving the environment through its artificial pink-lipstick forest and choosing to ‘go green’. Inside the building, the staff is very attentive and offers personalized planning services with a very well developed technology and ecoresponsible options that makes people want to have their events there. Despite its age, the Palais has continued to be the most magnificent architectural building of its kind. I have always seen it from outside without touring most of its interiors. After a thorough journey throughout the building, I have realized that its beautiful and colorful exteriors, do not even begin to describe the building. A careful analysis of the interiors tells you all you want to know about architectural creativity and art. With the new improvements, it is almost like a dream that something so exquisite could exist in the physical world. The artificial pink-lipstick forest is a sight to behold. Everyone should make a point of making a stop at one of the city’s largest buildings. References Ambassador’s Club. The Palais des Congres de Montreal: Architecture, 27th July 2011 Artifice. Inc. Unconventionally Colorful, Architecture Week, Design Department, April 2007 Architectural Glazing Project Profile, December 2003, Publication No. 24 599944. Boake, Terri Meyer. Image Gallery: Palais des Congres de Montreal, Quebec, February 2007 Carrier, S. Jean. Palais des Congres de Montreal: Nearby Images in Montreal, February, 2009 Cormier, Claude. Lipstick Forest: Winter Garden at the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, July 2011 Demelt, Annie. Aliens Have Invaded Montreal for the 67th Annual World Fiction Convention, August 2009, CTV.ca Dona, Montreal: The Top 8 Reasons to Go From Hippy Fest to Foodies, TravelsWithHeart, August 2011. Flickr ®. Palais des Congres de Montreal, October 2010 Ingberg. Hal, Expansion of the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Competition Laureate, 1999 Vanceva ®. Laminated Glass Takes Centre Stage; At Palais Des Congres in Montreal, Footnotes 1 Carrier, S. Jean, Palais des Congres de Montreal: Nearby Images in Montreal, February, 2009 2Boake, Terri Meyer, Image Gallery: Palais des Congres de Montreal, Quebec, February 2007 3 Artifice. Inc, Unconventionally C olorful, Architecture Week, Design Department, April 2007, Para. 3 4 Flickr ®, Palais des Congres de Montreal, October 2010 5 Ingberg, Hal, Expansion of the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Competition Laureate, 1999 6 Cormier, Claude, Lipstick Forest: Winter Garden at the Palais des Congres de Montreal, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, July 2011 7 Ambassador’s Club, The Palais des Congres de Montreal: Architecture, 27th July 2011 8 Vanceva ®, Laminated Glass Takes Centre Stage; At Palais Des Congres in Montreal, Architectural Glazing Project Profile, Para. 7, December 2003, Publication No. 24599944. 9 Demelt, Annie, Aliens Have Invaded Montreal for the 67th Annual World Fiction Convention, August 2009, CTV.ca 10 Dona, Montreal: The Top 8 Reasons to Go From Hippy Fest to Foodies, TravelsWithHeart, August 2011

Microeconomics assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomics - Assignment Example Moreover, the possibility of allocative, distributive and productive inefficiencies in the manufacturing sector of the People’s Republic of China. The production possibility frontier is the maximum possible level of production that resources within an economy can produce successfully. It is like the boundary beyond which the same economy cannot sustain the production of any products (Jowsey, 2011). The curve bellow can best illustrate the concept of the production possibility frontier. The curve represents the boundary that this particular economy can produce the two commodities A and B. It is the limit at which if the available resources can produce the commodities without strain. Two locations stand out in the curve above. At position x, the resources that are available are not fully utilized. This is mainly because at this point in time, the economy is not operating at a full potential. At point Y, the economy cannot operate because the available resources cannot sustain the production of two products. The economy can be sustained at Y only if there is an economic growth. However, that would still be difficult since there are limited resources that cannot be stretched any further. According to Antonneli (2011, pp 145), the only possibility of this economic growth happening is through the advancement of technology. Efficiency, in this case, comes through technology and the labor cost reduced. However, this growth is nullified with the cost of introducing technology (Jowsey, 2011). This curve therefore is most likely the cap of what this entire economy can produce. Therefore tradeoffs have to be made on which resources to be distributed to which sectors in order to maximize their use. To explain the concept of productive efficiency, consider the graph above. Assuming that the two commodities are not in any way related but, the desire to grow the economy

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 42

History - Essay Example All adult white males had a right to vote, irrespective of their religion and property ownership. In this era, the older states dropped the remaining religious qualifications for voting (Stephens and David 25). Therefore, there was an increase in the number of eligible voters, as there was the elimination of previous property qualifications. The increase in number of eligible voters resulted to an increase in voter participation. The high rates of participation lead to a change in the campaigning style. The holding of the 1840 elections, both key political parties carried out well-organized national campaigns that comprised of campaign songs, parades, picnics, party newspaper, political speeches and banquets. In the jacksonian era, there was also a change in the political party system. The 1812 war had seriously made the Federalist Party weak, which completely disappeared in 1820s. For sometime, the Democratic Republican Party was the only successful national party. Nevertheless, the coming of Andrew Jackson into power, as a national leader lead to the splitting of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Democrats led by Jackson and Whing party, led by Henry Clay (Stephens and David 25). Following Jackson taking over office in 1929, he used spoils system by giving jobs to his supporters. Although his opponents criticized this move, for not putting the qualified individuals in office, Jackson took this as a democratic reform. According to him, it was a rotation-in-office and he had a belief that in a democracy each white man citizen ought to take part in the services of the government at a time in his lifetime (Stephens and David 25). Also, President Andrew Jackson championed democracy by challenging economic elite who were opposing him to the Second Bank of the United States. He distrusted this bank as an undemocratic instrument and thus he voted a bill to recharter the Bank in 1832 (Stephens and David 25). There are a number of arguments for the westward

Articel reviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Articel reviews - Essay Example These four words, although vague, have dominated classical management theories. However, this is shown to be in contrast to the reality wherein â€Å"managers are not reflective, regulated workers, informed by their massive MIS systems, scientific, and professional†. In other words, in practice, managers fall short of what is expected of them. The purpose of the article is to highlight these points as deficiencies and therefore the need for managers to take on their expected role in order to improve their effectiveness. The author’s intention is clearly set out: to divert the reader from Fayol’s words based on the classical view and â€Å"introduce him to a more supportable †¦ description of managerial work†. This entails that managers recognise their role and develop an understanding of both themselves and their jobs. The study involved managers from selected western countries being observed intensively and in some cases their diaries and records analysed. The synthesis revealed findings contrary to the classical view. Four perspectives were found not to hold true and are therefore folklore: (1) The manager is a reflective, systematic planner – Evidence showed that managers work unrelentingly, and their activities tend to be brief, various and discontinuous. Moreover, they dislike reflection and are more oriented towards action than planning. (2) Effective managers have no regular duties i.e. they carefully organise everything and then reap the rewards of this organisation – Evidence shows that there are always exceptions, and there are also various regular duties to be performed such as ceremonious, negotiating and processing various types of information including its relation to the business environmental. (3) Senior manager’s use aggregated information as this is best provided formally – Total or management information systems are not perfect. Evidence shows that manager’s tend to favour verbal mediation instead. (4)

A Study Of Computer Ethics Violation

A Study Of Computer Ethics Violation There has been a widespread use of ICT in teaching and learning process. Computer is one of the most technologies used in learning activities by students in universities throughout the world. It is a mean to facilitate learning, improve academic success, provide access to many resources and give opportunity for communication (Kay Lauricella, 2011). Even though the computers provide students with advantages, they might also lead to several ethical problems. There is extensive unethical usage of computer among students. Kuzu (2009) stated some of these unethical computer using behaviors such as using unlicensed software, copying files or programs without authorization, contempt of peoples work, accessing personal information of people and publishing this on the Internet without authorization, communicating on the Internet in disrespected way, downloading of others files and e-mails, opening adult web sites and sending viruses. These are some of the unethical practices of computer which lead to the build a big construct that is computer ethics. Martin and Yale-Weltz (1999) stated that there are characteristics caused by computer use namely: new concerns emerge rapidly, computer ethics, and computerized information. The term of computer ethics refers to a part of social and humanistic studies of computing (SHC) which is theoretical of the way in which different forms of information technology shape these computer ethics which have been developed to address individuals or social systems (Breij, 2001). On the other hand, Shelly (2010) is more specific and described the term computer ethics as ethical guidelines that lead people to the right way of using computers and information systems. Moreover, Barnard, de Ridder and Pretorius (2003) state that computer ethics is the study of behavioral activities of IT professionals that is useful for all of society. Baase (2003) definition is quite closely to Barnards definition and describes computer ethics as a list of professional ethics same as medical, legal, teaching and accounting ethics. Computer ethics aim is to make decisions that depend on criteria of ethics, and then to provide more generalized ideas in terms of theoritical evaluation, ethical insights, normative standards, educational programs, legal advice and so forth (Floridi Sanders, 2002). Ethical issues are very essential in every society. The increased growth of computer usage has been generated a lot of questions of what is good and is not good ethics regarding the activities of computer use. Therefore, there are some organizations that pay attention in social and ethical results of extensive computer usage such as Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society, the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA). ACM is one of these organizations which is special interest group that address the side effects of using computer and its aim is to raise awareness about the impact that technology has on society (ACM, 2012). In this case, AC M has established a code of ethics and professional conduct in 1992. It is clearly that computer has become a part of the educational environment which students use it as research and communication tool. At the same time, using computer has created ethical problems and violation of computer ethics is on the rise (Maslin, Zuraini Ramlah, 2009). In other word, there are different practices that students do and relate to the use of computer unethically. As Frestone and Mitchell (2004) stated that downloading music, movies and software is unmoral due to the copyright issues. Moreover, students are generally more tend to pirate software and other intellectual property (Kini, Ramakrishn Vijayaraman, 2004). Intellectual property is mind creation, names, designs, etc. It is divided into two types: industrial property and copyright which includes poem, films, designs, music and games. Maslin, Zurainy, Rashidah, Ramlah and Norshidah (2010) found that a round more than half of students are aware of abuse of computer ethics in terms of intellectual property and privacy. Therefore, there are a lot of discussed sites of computer and networks. Information privacy, intellectual property rights, code of conduct and green computing are some examples of those sites (Shelly, 2010). In addition, Namlu and Odabasi (2007) build an unmoral computer using behavior scale (UECUB) to define unethical computer behaviors. A factor analysis of the related items discovered that the factors can be categorized into five groups; intellectual property, social impact, safety and quality, net integrity and information integrity. Based on the experts in the field of computer security, universities are one of the lowest secure places (Maslin Zuraini, 2008). Furthermore, academic dishonesty in these days technology is classified as an issue for higher education (Underwood Szabo, 2003). Scheyvens, Wild and Overton (2003) found that the level of plagiarism is in high level in graduate students more than in undergraduate students because of the high degree of demand for critical and analytical writing. Therefore, different groups of people whether they are organizations or individuals have become more concerned about ethical issues caused by interconnected world (Martin Woodword, 2011). IIUM is a unique university all over the world. It integrates traditional and moral values in the all modern areas of disciplines. The essential aim of establishing IIUM is to generate international center which can combines beneficial knowledge and Islamic values in all types of disciplines which can lead to the right way of Ummahs leading role in variety fields of knowledge (IIUM philosophy, 2012) According to Tun Sri Mohd Sidek Hj Hassan (The president, IIUM Community), IIUM must be highly ethical even as it strives excellence (IIUM Code of Ethics, 2008). Concerning this, As an Islamic- oriented institution, IIUM students are expected to be ethical concessionaires at all time. IIUM has established the IIUM Student Code of Ethics which is a code of practices depending on the strong basic of Islamic values with a view to gaining a high level of morality in commitment with IIUMs core values namely, Integrity (trustworthiness), Justice and Fairness, Adab and Professionalism. IIUM Code of Ethics defines integrity (Istiqamah) as trust (Amanah) and stresses the need for sincerity, accountability, justice and transparency in all academic conduct (IIUM code of Ethics, 2008). Besides that, IIUM is committed to supplying a wide range of internet services to all its population and facilities by providing access to broadband and wifi to all its members whether they are students or staff as well as providing them with a number of computer laboratories in each Kullyah. Based on these services, students use computers whether they are university computers or their personal computers in their university or personal lives. In IIUM, There are several Kulliyyahs the Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology (KICT) is one of its kullyyahs which was opened in November 2001. Since that time, KICT has produced knowledge workers who have a variety of ICT skills and knowledge and Taqwa of Allah. KICT offers Cyber Law and Islamic Ethics (INFO 4502) as Kullyyah required course for all students to equipped them with more information of ethical computer use (KICT, 2005). At the same time, the Institute of Education (INSTED) is one of Malaysias top education schools in IIUM. It offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in different specialization. INSTED provides the strategies that reduce the gap between theory and practice (INSTED, 2012). Unlike the KICT, INSTED does not offer Cyber Law and Islamic Ethics as an Kulyyah required course. In this case, students are not familiar with the ethical practice of computer use. Recently, some studies have conducted in IIUM related to assess the ethical behaviors in terms of academic integrity practice and computer ethics among IIUM students. To clarify, Moshood (2010) conducted his study to examine the IIUM students perceptions toward academic integrity practice. Integrity practice in the IIUM campus was determined by two important sub- constructs (awareness of academic integrity policy and commitment to academic integritys implementation). On the other side, Maslin, et al. (2007) investigated the awareness of computer use among undergraduate computer science students from UTM and IIUM. Generally, many researches have been done in computer ethics field. The large number of these studies conducted to investigate students awareness and perceptions of computer ethics and ethical beliefs (Adebayo, 2005; Akbulut, Usal, Odabasi Kuzu, 2008; Acilar, 2010; Jabour, 2011; Maslin Zuraini, 2008; Maslin, Zuraini Ramlah, 2009; Molnar, Kletke Chongwatpo, 2008; North, George North, 2007; Perryer Jordan, 2002; Peterson, Rhoad Vangght, 2001; Virginiam, Kelly Kathleen, 2011; Teston, 2008). Furthermore, these studies investigated the impact of gender, computer experience, age and program of the study on ethical judgments and ethical awareness. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM It is obviously that universities and educational organizations pay a huge attention in providing computers to their students or members. Despite the increased using of computer and its applications such as Internet and shared resources in human lives activities all over the world, however some users of computers such as students do not practice the code of computer ethics due to their ignorance of these ethics or due to their lack knowledge regarding these ethics. In addition they are not familiar with the idea that ethical issues related to computer use might be of importance to them in their future career as computer professional (Namlu odabasi, 2007) Therefore, they do not aware of the side effects of violation of computer ethics. It is noteworthy that in Malaysia, computer ethics is not offered as an individual subject, but rather the topic integrated in some related courses such as Management Information Systems or Cyber Law and Ethics course (Maslin, et al, 2009). In IIUM, KICT offers the course of Cyber Law and Ethics as a required course for all students to equip them with more information of ethical computer use (KICT, 2005). On the other hand, INSTED does not require this course for the students who are under this institution. Therefore, on the absence of computer ethics guidelines as a subject or chapter in the INSTED courses, there is a need to assess students violation of computer ethics and make comparison between KICT as-they have at least background about computer ethics- and INSTED students. In addition, According to IIUM website, the philosophy of the university is to create international center of educational excellence which integrate Islamic Knowledge and values in all disciplines. Furthermore, In IIUM, integrity (Istiqamah) is recognized as the essence of the university code of ethics. IIUM Code of Ethics (2008) requires students to the code of ethics strictly in their academic works and general lives. This code of ethics contains many core values such as piety, honesty, trustworthiness, responsibility, sincerity, accountability, justice and transparency. With this code of ethics, IIUM students practices are expected to be ethically (IIUM Codes of Ethics, 2008). In addition, IIUM requires integrity practice to be able to produce ethically outstanding scholars in various fields of studies (Moshood, 2010). As a result, it requires firm commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policies. Consequently, IIUM administrators and faculty are expected to be comm itted to implement the integrity policies in campus. Therefore, this study firstly will examine the level of students violation of computer ethics in two different Kullyyahs with the existence of Islamic values in the university. Moreover, the researcher will investigate if there is any relationship between students violation of computer ethics and the level of IIUM faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policy from students perspective. Finally, there are some researches were conducted in the field of computer ethics. The large number of these studies conducted to investigate students awareness and perceptions of computer ethics and ethical beliefs (Adebayo, 2005; Akbulut, Usal, Odabasi Kuzu, 2008; Acilar, 2010; Jabour, 2011; Maslin Zuraini, 2008; Maslin, Zuraini Ramlah, 2009; Molnar, Kletke Chongwatpo, 2008; North, George North, 2007; Perryer Jordan, 2002; Peterson, Rhoad Vangght, 2001; Virginiam, Kelly Kathleen, 2011; Teston, 2008). Furthermore, these studies investigated the impact of gender, computer experience, age and program of the study on ethical judgments and ethical awareness. In IIUM context, there are only one study was conducted in terms of academic integrity practice and one study in term of computer ethics. To clarify, Moshood (2010) conducted his study to examine the IIUM students perceptions toward academic integrity practice. On the other hand, Maslin, et al. (2007) investigated the awareness of computer use among undergraduate computer science students from UTM and IIUM. After examine the literature, It is clear that there is a lack of studies which conducted to evaluate the real violation of computer ethics among students. To add, there is no study investigate whether there is any relationship between students violation of computer ethics and the level of IIUM faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policy from students perspective or not. Therefore, this research aims to assess the level of students violation of computer ethics, examine any significant difference between KICT and INSTED student violation of computer ethics and to investigate if there is any relationship between students violation of computer ethics and the level of IIUM faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policy from students perspective. Conceptual framework The study of Peterson , Rhoads Vaught (2001) revealed that age as a factor has an effect on ethical behavior. They found that older people have high level of ethical behavior than younger. In term of investigating different program on students ethical computer use, Akbulut, Uysal, Odabasi Kuzu.(2008) investigate the effect of program on unethical computer using behavior. They found that there is no significant difference among different programs of study. By contrast, Maslin, Zuraini Ramlah (2009) found that there were some significant differences in ethical awareness of computer use among undergraduate computer science students from different universities (UTM and IIUM) In addition, Maslin, et al. (2009) have developed this model of ethical awareness of computer use: In IIUM, Integrity (Istiqamah) is recognized as the essence of the university code of ethics (IIUM Code of Ethics, 2008). Academic integrity, according to the Center for Academic Integrity (International Center for Academic Integrity, 2011), is defined as a commitment, even in the face of great difficulties, to five basic core values: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility. Based on these values, principles of behaviors come into being that help academic communities convert these ideals into practice. Based on previous studies and model, in present study, the researcher will investigate the effect of age and program of study (Kullyyah) on students violation of computer ethics. The model will be as following: The extent of faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policies from students perspectives. Age Program of the study (Kullyyah) Violation of computer ethics PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to assess the level of computer ethics violation among IIUM students whether they are undergraduate or postgraduate students in two different Kulyyahs and to find if there is any significant difference between KICT and INSTED students in their violation of computer ethics. Moreover, this study aims to examine if there is any relationship between students violation of computer ethics and the extent of faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policies from students perspectives. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This study designed to address the following questions: What is the level of violation of computer ethics among IIUM students? Is there any statistically significant difference between KICT and INSTED students in their violation of computer ethics? Is there any relationship between IIUM students violation of computer ethics and the extent of faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policies from students perspectives? Is there any statistically significant difference between different groups of students ages in their violation of computer ethics? DELIMITATION Conducting this study will not generalize to all universities in Malaysia. It will be limited to IIUM only. Specifically, this study will focus on only two Kullyyahs (KICT and INSTED). Although there are several aspects of students misconduct behavior, however this study will be restricted to find out the level of computer ethics violation. Furthermore, this study will find out only the effect of faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policies from students perspectives on students violation of computer ethics. However, there are others factors affect students violation of computer ethics. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The results from this study will make a meaningful contribution to our knowledge concerning computer ethics violation in our University. Moreover, this study will provide data about the level of IIUM students unethical practice of using computer that could help the lecturers to be informed about their students violation of computer ethics and help them to find what they think that help their students if the level is low. Furthermore, the leaders of the KICT and INSTEAD will be awarded about the level of students violation and make their decisions of how the level of ethical practice in using computer be improved if the level is low. Finally, this study will give a clear picture about the nature of the relationship between students violation of computer ethics and the extent of faculty and managements commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policies from students perspectives which helps the policy makers of IIUM to take more notice on academic integrity practice in IIUM campus. DEFINITION OF TERMS Computer ethics: Moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and information system. In this study computer ethics will only cover intellectual property, privacy and shared resources (adapted from Shelly, 2010). Intellectual Property: A broad category of materials, inventions and original works that are legally recognized as proprietary assets of an individual or organization which cannot be used without permission or legal licensure (Adapted from Techopedia.com, 2010) Privacy: The degree to which personal information, digital communication and digital devices can be accessed and shared by individuals (Adapted from your Dictionary.com, 2012) Shared Resources: Known as network resources, refer to computer data, information, or hardware devices that can be easily accessed from a remote computer through a local area network (LAN) or enterprise Internet (Techopedia.com, 2012). IIUM: International Islamic University Malaysia. IIUM is a unique university either in Malaysia or on a broader plane of the world. Since its inception English is used both as its medium of instruction and the language of its administration. It blends harmoniously modern and professional disciplines with traditional values and moral virtues. Its students originate from more than 100 countries representing nearly all regions of the world. IIUM has spared no effort to ensure that it provides the best tertiary education possible in all branches of knowledge. 6. KICT: Kullyyah of Information and Communication Technology in IIUM. 7. INSTED: Institute of Education in IIUM. 8. Violation: an act that disregards an agreement or a right (AudioEnglish.net, 2006). 9. Academic integrity: refers to the extent that core ethical values ( honestly, sincerity, piety, quality and originality) are transparently observed and strictly implemented in all academic pursuits. This is expected to facilitate the attainment of comprehensive excellence in the academic process as highlighted in the IIUM fundamental mission for learning. 10. Commitment to Academic Integritys Implementation It contains four indicators that measure the extent of the university administrators and facultys commitment to the implementation of academic integrity policies. The four observed variables include (Code of ethics is well implemented in IIUM; Academic integrity practice is adequated emphasized by lecturers at the beginning of each course; Consequences of dishonest practices are well discussed in most of my classes; and Defaulters of academic integrity rules are given appropriate sanctions in IIUM.

The Importance of Emilia in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE Course

The Importance of Emilia in Shakespeare's Othello In Othello the Moor, Shakespeare combines destiny with a fatal character flaw and that flaw is jealousy.   Shakespeare's tragedy allows one character to hold the key to the entire web he has spun and that character is Emilia. Emilia is the lone character who garners the knowledge to all circumstances of the events surrounding the characters in Othello the Moor.   Although other characters in the play are privy to certain details of the unfolding events, Emilia is the character that uses this knowledge to the benefit of the play.   Emilia's character is minor yet necessary.   Without her character the play would have no means of unraveling the confusion created by the author.   Emilia, wife of Iago, should be questioned of her loyalty and commitment to both her husband and her dear friend, Desdemona.   The character of Emilia has only eight short parts in the play and of those parts only two are with the lead character of Othello.   Her character only interacts with Iago and Desdemona.   The first encounter between Othello and Emilia is in Act IV, Scene II.   Emilia assures Othello of Desdemona's true love and faithful manner.   Othello questioned Emilia "You have seen nothing, then?" "Nor ever heard, nor ever did suspect." (Shakespeare, Act IV, Scene II, page 1107) replied Emilia.   Emilia is telling the truth.   She knows for a fact that Desdemona has been faithful to her husband and that she loves him wholly.   But in Shakespeare's style of character development; Emilia is playing coy to the fact that her husband has lead Othello to believe differently.   Emilia is now the only character to have direct interaction with Othello, Desdemona and her husband and be knowledgeable of her hu... ... got to be assumed as a fateful event.   As Shakespeare said, ""It is not in the stars to hold our destiny but in ourselves." Works Cited and Consulted Bayley, John. Shakespeare and Tragedy. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981. Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes. New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970. Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Emilia's Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986. Kermode, Frank. â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice.† The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Paper Publishing Versus Electronic Publishing

Our world evolves in a very fast manner: from our household to outside jobs to recreation. All works concerned time efficiency and how works are to be done in the fastest way we can but not restraining the good quality of the product. All information, literary works and other works concerning anything under the sun relevant to mankind must be accounted for. Upon considering all information, literary works, and other works, it should be known to public by disseminating it. Publishing is the best way to communicate and disseminate information and works to the people. Traditionally, paper publishing do all the works when it comes to publication may it be news, literary works, musical works, and others. At present, the use of paper media in publishing is still enormous. However, considering the vastness of cost in using paper as a medium in publishing, then alternatives should be considered. Electronic publishing is the best alternative the web can give which has its appealing qualities and products. The evidence of its appealing features and products relies on the availability of the topic to be found. Electronic publishing make sure that their products and works are easy to access by its consumers thus providing them a lesser time in finding any information. Electronic publishing also has a wide range of links for a specific topic. Through the use of the web more information are readily access linking a particular topic to a more specific one. This makes the consumers or readers lessen the wasted time and have that excess time be useful in other activities. Due to the reasons discussed, it is evident that newspaper and book publishers convert their primary product into electronic publishing. Time, quality and reliability must coincide in choosing what to patronize when it regards to the news, literary works and other related works. The fastest the reliable information is to be disseminated the more consumers will trust and the better our world will be. References: Lawrence.http://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/publications/CITESEER2001online-nature.pdf. retrieved July 25, 2007 Â   Â  

Meaning Of Auditing And Expectations Gap Accounting Essay

In any economic undertaking accounting and auditing are the critical and built-in constituents. If we can non understand the accounting we will ne'er understanding the auditing. In the yesteryear there was a spread between the hearers and the populace it called â€Å" audit outlook spread † . Expectation spread auditing has a long history and lasting. There is widespread concern the being of outlook spread between the scrutinizing profession and the populace. First of wholly, we will specify of an audit is what contributes to the outlooks spread. Then we will speak about the definition about the outlooks spread in general. The significance of outlooks spread is the difference between what is the users of fiscal statements, the general public apprehension and what is the exclusion of the audit profession in carry oning the audit. In this regard, it is necessary to cognize the distinction between the profession ‘s outlooks of an hearer and the hearer ‘s perceptual experience of the audit. Except users of fiscal statements and the general people may be cognizant checker and a really different reading, or worse still, fails to follow with the criterions set by the auditing public presentation. The hearer ‘s function embraces the sensing and bar of fraud when the users of fiscal statements and the general populace have the educated to believe, particularly in relation to material points. If users of fiscal statements and the general populace were educated to believe that the hearer ‘s function embraces the sensing and bar of fraud, particularly in relation to material points. Besides, the misrepresentation and mistake sensing function of an audit might be comparatively nonsubjective. However, absolute objectiveness can non be guaranteed. On another manus, there are many subjective constructs which require farther elucidation by Auditing Practices Board such as: materiality and material significance. When we look to the primary function of sensing and bar it is welcomed since there are at present. We can non keep the hearer responsible for negative effects of all his actions because there are no sufficient steps to cognize that. Assume that some beginnings of the contents of audit studies that the significance of an audit is fixed while other beginnings such as academic literature beginnings assume that the significance of an audit is non an objectiveconstant. In some latter hypothesis, there is the belief that the outlooks spread can be reduced significantly- if non possible to take. In this assignment, these following subdivisions will explicate as the followers: the definitions of Audit Expectations Gap, the of import constituents of Audit Expectations Gap, how the Audit Expectations Gap will alter or may non be altering in 2010, is it possible to extinguish the Expectations Gap, Expansion of hearer ‘s duties and sweetening of hearer independency and the function of scrutinizing criterions ( ASB ethical criterions ) in cut downing the Expectations Gap.Definitions of the Expectations Gap:There are many definitions of the audit outlooks spread and we set out the clear definitions. Audit outlooks spread is when external hearers ‘ apprehension and cognizing everything about their function and responsibilities is contrast against the outlooks of the general populace and user groups. Harmonizing to Liggio[ 1 ]defined the audit outlooks spread as the difference between the degrees of public presentation expected as it is interpreted by the independent comp troller and the user of fiscal statements. External hearers use these definitions as their bench grade alternatively than the audit profession. The usage of the audit profession as bench grade would assist contract the outlooks spread and show a less subjective component. In this instance it will be a prefer definition and provides a more stable constituent of the outlooks spread. The same as, the audit profession ‘s outlooks are more clear-defined than the personal hearer ‘s outlooks. Mention by Liggio â€Å" users of fiscal statements † as opposite to members of the populace in any instance still will give a subsequence to contract the outlook spread while it is really much more practical to inform users of fiscal information – through one-year general meeting, ect – than it is to assist and educate the members of the people. In 1978 Cohen Commission was regarded as both may happen a spread between what the public suppose and what hearers can anticipate to moderately could hold done. Many definitions have failed to suggest the possibility of deficient public presentation by the hearers [ As right stated by Porter[ 2 ]] . Although Porter highlights the importance of the audit outlooks gap which can be done by comparing society ‘s outlooks of hearers against the sensed public presentation of hearers, the easiest comparing can be prepared during an analysis of the more nonsubjective constituents of the outlooks spread.The of import constituents of the outlook spread:There are a figure of observers have attributed the outlooks gap to users ‘ prevalent misinterpretation, ignorance, confusion, and /or deficiency of instruction. Harmonizing to Porter[ 3 ]analyses: The sum of outlooks spread divided to three separate constituents: viz. sub-standard public presentation ( 16 % ) , lacking criterions ( 5 0 % ) and unreasonable outlooks ( 34 % ) . Figure 1: constituents of Audit Expectation Gap. Due to the fact that the when the criterions are losing can easy be revised, so the deficient criterions constituent can be considered the most nonsubjective constituent even as sub-standard public presentation and unreasonable outlooks are the more subjective constituents. While unreasonable outlooks are subjective, outlook spread will still stay really of import subdivision and can non be ignored Besides, in 1988 the Canadian Institute[ 4 ]of Chartered Accountants guarantors a survey on the populace ‘s outlooks of audit ( the MacDonald Report ) . As the followers, the committee developed some inside informations about the audit outlook spread faculty that explained all the constituents. The constituents were unreasonable outlook, lacking public presentation and lacking criterion. In drumhead, the content of the spread are: Audit confidence ( for illustration: fraud, internal control and traveling concern ) , Audit studies ( perceptual experiences of unqualified study and farther proposal for altering audit coverage ) , independency ( proviso of non direction services and auditor-management relationship ) and audit regular and liability. * 3. Audit outlook spread is defined as the difference that can happen between the users ‘ outlook sing the hearer studies and the hearer ‘s required public presentation and the perceptual experience of the existent public presentation of the instruction. There is no of import tendencies in economic system during 2010 suggest a critical alteration in outlook of users on public presentation of scrutinizing. In my sentiment, today people are more educated and have fair background in scrutinizing. Therefore, this may be able to cut down the spread between the hearers and the general populace. There are general Reasons for being of the Gap. First, there are so of positions on the function of hearers. Second, the populace dose non knows the existent work of hearers and they have troubles to understand its content and the content of nature of scrutinizing. Third, the populace are non able to understand the audit study, because that we have the audit outlook chitchat. Forth, troubles in conveying the instance on audit house.Is it Possible to Extinguish the Expectations Gap?Sikka et[ 5 ]state that the nature of the constituents of the outlooks spread makes it hard to take and cut down. Perceived modus operandi of hearers is an component which is non easy to mensurate and alterations invariably. But it possible to cut down it well but non wholly extinguish. There were a figure of suggestions, which were made as a agency of contracting the outlook spread. These suggestions contain an expanded audit study, which display the country to state and explicate users what auditor really works. For illustration ; expanded function and duty of hearers in the countries of fraud, unlawful Acts of the Apostless and beef up the independency perceived by hearers. The execution of scrutinizing instruction has been proposed as a manner of take downing the outlooks spread. Audit instruction can decidedly assist cut down the outlooks spread. On the other manus can non on its ain be adequate to work out the job of all constituents of the outlooks spread. Harmonizing to Porter, the community should be educated and know that the responsibilities that may reasonably anticipate from hearers in order for audit instruction to be effectual. Harmonizing to Pierce and Kilcommins[ 6 ]analyze the elements of user misconstruing gap consist of: responsibilities, legislative and ethical model, duty and audit studies. The first element responsibilities include of fraud and mistake and many observers have found the outlooks spread in order to be border in footings of revelation and the exposure of fraud. Second, the legislative and ethical model consists of issues like: hearer assignment, audit ordinance and hearer independency. In relation to auditor duty, Gloeck and de Jager[ 7 ]said that when there are a liability spread to the outlooks spread since the populace does non cognize to whom the hearer is responsible. Hearers ‘ sentiment study helps to cut down the spread between hearers and the general populace. And they try to direct a massage for the populace about their work.Expansion of hearer ‘s duties and sweetening of hearer independency:There are other ways suggested by Humphrey et Al.[ 8 ]to shut the outlook spread in 1993. They declared that the populace have no good outlook to lose their hope of hearers as fraud investigators through instruction or feigning that all outlook are extremely publicized audit failures or modifying the audit study length. As a replacement, they proposal three suggestions: foremost of all, start to do an independent office for the auditing to better hearer independency by supervising or commanding the assignment of hearers of large companies and form audit fees. Second, extend the duties of hearers by the jurisprudence so that they include duties to creditors and stockholders clearly. Third, explicating that the hearers have a duty to happen and detect fraud. However, the size of outlook spread and benefits of these three suggested solutions need to look it carefully before suggest or use any solution. Besides in 1993, O'Malley[ 9 ]consent to enforcing excess duties on hearers, particularly with respect to observing fraud. So, he suggested other duties ( four duties ) as the followers: 1.checker appraisal and direction of internal control systems. 2. declared committedness. 3. Assembly audit interim fiscal information. 4. Mentioned by the hearers to their organisation. He besides confirmed that these four suggestions will raise the liability ‘s menace unless the liability crisis is dealt with. Any enlargement of the duties of hearers ‘ universe non is possible every bit long as the liability system operates as a mechanism for reassigning hazard, with hearers as the premier transferees. In 1994, Knutson[ 10 ]proposed a criterion for the outlook spread. His analysis is that keeping hearers responsible for what they should hold known, is the fairest criterion and it is non to be the high criterion of what could hold known. Furthermore, the trust of the audit study should be limited to the board of stockholders and managers and besides to possible stockholders. In the same manner, in 1996, Rabinowitz[ 11 ]acknowledge that there are a small of lacks in the audit procedure which cause to decrease the profession of public assurance in the profession. There are some solutions to counterbalance for these lacks. First of wholly, it must form the controlling construction of the top directors and executives. Than lifting external and internal audit interaction. Third, the hearers must hold experience and preparation to the entities to be hearers. Forth, they must reexamining employment patterns and developing excess effectual audit actions. Finally, they have strength of audit commissions.The function of scrutinizing criterions in cut downing the Expectations Gap:In December 2004, Accounting Pored Standard ( APA )[ 12 ]issued five criterions with respect to the independency and objectiveness of external hearers and the safety of the supply of insurance services. In the past these ethical criterions holds the hereafters of ethical counsel issued. But now has added more characteristics and by and large more rigorous than predating counsel. Fore illustration: the Internal Financial Accounting Code ( IFAC ) , they base on rules instead than regulations and highlight objectiveness from the point of position of logical and knowing 3rd party. They fulfill with ethical rules issued by the Europen Commission ( EC ) . Individually from the five ESs, APB besides issued a statement of Provision Available for Small Entities ( PASE ) . The single ESs and ES-PASE are as the followers: ES1- unity, objectively and independency. ES2- fiscal, concern, employment and personal. ES3- long association with the audit battle. ES4- fees, wage and development policies, judicial proceeding, gifts and cordial reception. ES5- non audit services provided to scrutinize clients. ** ** From book -The Audit Process book – rules, pattern and instances, 4th Editor, lain Gray Stuart Manson. Decision In decision, this assignment explains and views the cogent evidence about nature relationship of an audit outlooks gap between the hearers and the general populace ( users ) . In some parts of the universe there is an audit outlooks spread. The users think that the hearers must supply their sentiment and understand the fiscal statement so that they can measure whether to put in the entity or non. Besides, there are some users who expect hearers to make some of the audit actions at the same clip as executing the attest map such as prosecuting in direction supervising, perforating into company personal businesss and separating banned Acts of the Apostless and/or fraud on the portion of direction. On the portion of users of fiscal statements, these are the high outlooks that make a spread between hearers and general public outlooks of the audit map. The shaping of audit outlook spread is differs from one individual to another. In any event, all the research workers say that there are ou tlooks chitchats between the hearers and the users because there are a batch of or over of outlooks a map of audit ‘s work and deficiency of cognition on the function and duties of the hearers made the users to anticipate a high degree. As good, literatures unwrap that when the populace knows a turn the objects and the function of audit and hearers and their duties will assist to contract the outlook chitchat.

Essay over the Cold War essays

Essay over the Cold War essays How has the ninth edition been updated? In this updated edition, certain chapters have in added in light of the attacks of September 11, 2001. There was a chapter added on the foreign policies of Clinton and Yelstin-Putin also, an introduction to the beginnings of George W. Bushs foreign policies. Some of the new chapters touched on the technology revolution that the world has undertaken. Also, included in the chapters was recent scholarship and materials information that was taken from the opening of archives from the U.S., Soviets, and Chinese. Statements that were important at the time of the unrevised book were cut out of the revised version. Basically, the book has been revised to show how the world has changed since Sept. 11, 2001 by focusing on reasons for terrorism, changes in Islamic world that prioritize U.S. policy making, and U.S. response which has an affect on other nations. Why does the author claim that there has been a history of hostility between the United States and Russia? Explain in a long paragraph and provide specific examples. The author claims that there has been a history of hostility between the U.S. and Russia by first clearing up that the conflict really didnt begin in 1945 nor, was the hostility a result of the 1917 communist victory in Russia. The author stated, The two powers did not initially come into conflict because one was communist and the other capitalist. Rather, they first confronted each other on the plains of north China and Manchuria in the late nineteenth century. (1) The Author backs up the above quote with the statement, Until that confrontation the two nations had been good friends. (1) It was inevitable the U.S. and Russia sides would meet since the U.S. had been expanding west and Russia had been expanding east. Also, both empires were run differently. The American empire decentralized and comprised of states that could govern themselves with...

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Case study - Assignment Example The general work environment also plays a significant role in developing job satisfaction and emotional stability among employees. This is substantiated on the basis of the fact that people working together affect each other’s mental and physical state. Eventually people began to behave and feel in the same way. Strong decision making is also required for experiencing happiness and long term job satisfaction. This is further linked with mood flexibility and openness to creative ideas. Happiness Coach reveals the important of leadership and the overall influence of manager on the productivity of subordinates. For instance, the happy nature of Jim Smith actually motivated his employees towards maintaining balanced emotional state while performing job responsibilities. In addition to all the factors explained in the case study employees should be equipped with emotional intelligence through different training and development sessions. Studies indicate that emotional quotient is more important as compared to acquired knowledge since the most intelligent person cannot perform better without emotional

Personal and Professional Health Care Communication Essay - 1

Personal and Professional Health Care Communication - Essay Example Health providers thus have a responsibility of recognizing their patients as people, and not as objects without feelings, and see to it that effective care is given to the patients. This research paper will discuss heath care communication, and the relevance of personal and professional health care communication is going to be explained. More light will also be shed on therapeutic communication in health care settings. Keywords: Health Care, Communication, Patients, Clients, Health, Therapeutic Communications, Principles, Theories Introduction Communication takes place in any number of players or people in the health care process. Thus communication is affected by the role each person plays, and their expectations from each other. The quality of the relationship that exists or develops during health care interaction, will therefore determine the effectiveness or the smoothness of the communication (Berry, 2006). Most of the time, the health care providers, who include the nurses, doc tors, and physicians have been criticized of having poor skills, when it comes to health care communication. ... Health care communication occurs in a variety of contexts. For example, the conversation occurring between oneself and the doctor in an examination room is an interpersonal type of health care communication. There are other contexts in which health care communication occurs. For example, a television campaign on dental care is an example of a mass media health care communication (Steinberg, 2007). Health communication covers areas such as health care policy, health promotion, disease prevention, and the business of health care, as well as promotion of the quality of life and health of individuals within the society. Health communication comprises of the examination and use of communication procedures, to advice and effect personal and society’s decisions on matters concerning health care. What is the relevancy of effective personal health care communication with other health care professionals, clients, and patients? As seen earlier, communication is a key factor to health car e givers, so as to improve the ability to provide information that can improve a patient’s understanding, on matters concerning his or her own personal health. Adequate primary healthcare communication should be an essential habit between healthcare professionals, patients, and clients. Personal health care communication helps to build therapeutic alliances with patients when it comes to nurses. It also educates the patients in that; some may have low self-esteem as a result of certain conditions that they are suffering from. Personal health care communications also encourage the patients to be independent (Perry, Patricia & Ostendorf, 2013). What is the relevancy of effective professional health care communication to health outcomes? Professional